groundwater托福答案,groundwater depletion托福答案

groundwater托福答案,groundwater depletion托福答案

我非常愿意为大家解答关于groundwater托福答案的问题。这个问题集合包含了一些复杂而有趣的问题，我将尽力给出简明扼要的答案，并提供进一步的阅读材料供大家深入研究。

文章目录列表:

1.groundwater托福答案
2.托福听力成绩低有哪些原因
3.新托福阅读听课笔记:列举题的解题步骤和技巧
4.托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean
5.求：托福 TPO口语第26套Question4参考答案 Question: Using example of the urn plant, explain how

groundwater托福答案

提起大学英语四六级考试很多人都会很头疼，所以每年的考试总会有一些神考生，比如下面的“神翻译”： gulugulu water 温泉 let your head duang duang duang on the ground 扣头 you can kill me but can't fuck me 士可杀不可辱 mountain tai is wa oh 泰山雄伟壮观这么翻译的童鞋你是想笑死阅卷老师然后继承他/她的英语水平吗！？这词汇量水准极大地促进了你的想象力啊！ 但是这样的难度跟托福以及雅思这种英语考试比起来怎么样呢？大概这么量化一下吧，如果说四级考试的难度系数为4，六级考试的难度系数为6，那么托福的难度系数大概在20左右，雅思的难度系数大概在16~17左右，所以单纯从难易程度上来讲，托福雅思要难的多，而且考察的也更加全面，难点主要体现在以下几个方面：第一，托福雅思口语为必考项目之一。 雅思口语考试托福跟雅思都分为听说读写四科，其中托福的口语为机考，面对电脑在给定的时间内完成六道题目录音，大概需要20分钟；而雅思口语则为人考，分为三部分问答，大概需要11-15分钟。相反，四六级考试中暂时没有强制性加入口语的测试。口语部分对于很多中国学生来讲都是很难的一个部分，所以这个就秒杀了很多不愿意张口说话的考生。第二，听力考察。 四六级分数以及时间占比从上图我们可以看出四六级中听力的占比大约为35%，而且考过试的人都知道是先看到题目然后再去根据对话或者短文来选答案。跟这种考试形式相比较，雅思在题型上以及听力材料的难度上都有所增加，题型不仅有选择题，还有填空题、图表题等，听力材料的口语可能是英音、美音等等。托福的考查形式就完全相反，不管是对话（大约2分钟长）还是讲座（4-7分钟不等），都是先听完整个音频，然后再出现题目，也就是在听听力之前是不会看到题目的，这无形之中就增加了听力的难度，考生必须能把控住整个听力材料的节奏，熟悉常见考点，才有可能拿到好的分数。而且托福中不仅在听力环节考察了听力，还在口语以及写作中也考察了听力，跟听力相关的分数高达65分（满分120分），由此可见听力在托福中的占比。第三，词汇量。大学四级的难度基本上是高考的层级，所以很多大学生裸考都能通过四级的测试。四级考试所要求的词汇量大概在4600左右，而六级要求的词汇量能达到6000。雅思的词汇量要求至少在7000以上，而托福则大概为8000-9000之间。再往上走GRE的考试则需要12000以上的词汇量。所以从词汇上来看，托福雅思的难度也由此增加了一些，所以想要考托福雅思甚至GRE的同学在词汇上一定要下足了功夫，这是拿到好分数的必要条件！最后，大概的分数关系（仅供参考）如下：四级达及格线（425分），雅思大概5.0分左右，托福50分；六级达及格线（425分），雅思大概5.5分左右，托福60分。那些想去参加托福雅思考试的，但是目前英语只是四六级程度的童鞋至少在这三个层面需要加把劲了（当然还有其他需要努力的）~如果你有什么疑惑，欢迎在下方留言哦！

托福听力成绩低有哪些原因

　在历年的托福考试中，中国考生的托福听力成绩是比较低的，那么有哪些原因呢？我相信这是很多同学想要了解的，接下来就和来看托福听力成绩低有哪些原因？

01　原文信息漏听

　这是比较常见的一种错误原因，在听音过程中，由于种种原因导致考点细节漏听，种种原因可能包括：

　1.听音基础不好，比如单词量少，语法差导致各种听不懂

　2.由于听力材料语速较快，思路跟不上语速

　3.由于外界干扰走神儿或者习惯性注意力不集中

　解决方法

　1.做听写、背单词、学语法提升基础听音能力

　2.做跟读模仿提升信息处理速度

　做连续听音练习提升听音耐力或做抗干扰练习，比如做听力时，同时播放英文电视广播等

02 选项中的单词不认识

　选项中的单词不认识直接导致选项无法正常翻译理解。

　举个例子：

　Why does the professor discuss refugia？ （Click on 2 answers）

　A. To explain that the location of coral within a reef affects the coral＇s ability to survive

　B. To point out why some coral species are more susceptible to bleaching than others

　C. To suggest that bleaching is not as detrimental to coral health as first thought

　D. To illustrate the importance of studying coral that has a low vulnerability of bleaching

　这道题B选项中的susceptible，C选项中的detrimental，D选项中的vulnerability很多同学不认识，不知其意，所以在选择答案时出现困难。

　解决方法

　课后通过单词书大量积累词汇，做题时在文章中和选项中积累生词，形成自己的生词本。

　 03　选项翻译错误

　由于对句子成分辨识不清，导致翻译出错。

　举个例子：

　What point do the speakersmake about the background of The Dreamer？

　A. It is a good example ofBeaux＇s unusual style of brushstroke.

　 resembles the backgrounds ofother Beaux portraits.

　 lack of clarity emphasizesthe theme of the painting.

　 is meant to suggest thatthe woman is in a dark room.

　这道题的正确答案为C，正确翻译是：缺少清晰度的背景强调了这幅画的主题。

　很多同学把这句话中的lack看成了谓语动词，翻译成：背景没有清晰的强调这幅画的主题，和正确的翻译截然相反，导致选错。

　解决方法

　仔细研究语法，确定好词性和句子成分。

　 04　形近词看错

　由于把选项中的形近词看混，或者把某个词看成另外一个形近词，导致理解错误。

　举个例子：

　What is the lecture mainly about？

　 environmental effects of heap roasting

　B. The reforestation efforts in the Copper Basin

　C. The process of mining and producing copper

　D. Damages caused during an attempt to clean up industrial waste

　有部分同学把AB选项中的effect和effort看混，或者把B选项中的reforestation看成deforestation，导致理解的意思截然不同，所以选错。

　解决方法

　仔细审题审选项，二次检查。

05　没有关注单词复数

　在内容主旨题中，做主语的名词的单复数有截然不同的意义，如果是复数名词则意味着这篇讲座必须讲解多个事物或者从多角度多方面讲解某个事物，如果此篇讲座只讲解了单一事物或一个方面，则复数选项为错，很多同学没有仔细关注单复数的变化，导致选错。

　举个例子

　What are the speakers mainly discussing？

　A. An architect from the United States and a house design she created

　B. The disadvantage of houses based on a square design

　C. Difficulties faced by residential architects in the nineteenth century

　D. Women who had a major influence on architecture in the United States

　这道题的正确答案为A，很多同学选D，D选项的主语是women，而这篇讲座只讲了一个女建筑师的事情，所以排除D。

　解决方法

　仔细辨识单复数结合原文综合思考。

　 06　由于某个关键词而选择该答案

　托福听力陷阱选项中有一种迷惑型极强的选项，里面包含了原文中的某些关键词，但是整句话做了细节篡改导致似是而非，有些同学由于只看到关键词而没有仔细翻译整个选项的意思就做出选择导致选错。

　举个例子

　What characteristic of notothenioids helpsthem survive in subfreezing temperatures？

　A. They maintain an unusually high bodytemperature.

　B. A special tissue in their eyes enablesthem to see through ice.

　C. Special proteins make their bloodcirculate too fast to freeze.

　D. Ice crystals in their bodies are preventedfrom growing large enough to harm them.

　这道题原文中的表述是notothenioids这种南极鱼由于体内有某种蛋白质导致它们能在零度以下的水温里生存，很多同学看到C选项中的proteins直接选择了改答案，但是整句话中对proteins的解释和原文是不符的，是典型的细节迷惑型选项，正确答案为D，对proteins的正确解释。

　解决方法

　了解这种细节迷惑型选项的普遍存在性，注意解题时精确思考避让。

07　对题型的解题思路不熟

　由于对题型的解题思路理解不透彻，不遵守，主观排除正确答案。

　举个例子：

　Whathad the man assumed about human impact on the environment？

　A. Thathuman impact on the environment is difficult to measure

　B. Thathumans have only recently had an impact on the environment

　C. Thathuman impact on the environment is always harmful

　D. Thathuman impact on the environment cannot be avoided

　这道题正确答案是C，很多同学认为C选项的描述过于绝对或者不符合事实所以直接主观排除，但是这道题的题干是一道转述型细节题，即问的是文中的男生过去认为人类对环境的影响是什么情况？C选项确实是原文中男生的想法。

　解决方法

　仔细研究听力部分的8种题型，遵守相应的解题原则。

　 08　选错位型选项

　错位型选项是普遍存在的一种错误选项类型，托福听力出题规律是每一段有一道题，如果某一道题的选项里包含了其他段落的表述，则此类选项叫做错位型选项，应予以排除。很多同学做每一道题都用全文的信息去找答案，这种思路是万万不可的。

　举个例子

　What does the professor say about the function of the papillae？

　 produce dye in different colors

　 propel the octopus through the water

　 change the texture of the octopus skin

　 help the octopus contract into a smaller shape

　这道题题干中的papillae是和原文中的texture相关的表述，所以直接对应C答案，A答案对于color的阐述以及C答案对于shape的描写都是其他段落内容，属于错位型选项。

　解决方法

　了解错位型选项的普遍存在性，做题时按层次思考找答案。

09　没有综合应用解题方法

　在信息漏听时，有一些推荐的某种程度上可以弥补的答题小技巧，时而可以提升答题正确率，许多同学对这些方法掌握不熟练忘记应用导致可以选对的题目最后还是选错了。

　举个例子

　What is the professor＇s opinion about coraltransplantation？

　A. It is cost-effective

　B. It is long-term solution

　C. It is producing encouraging results

　D. It does not solve the underlying problems

　这道题在听音信息缺失的情况下，可以应用三正一反原则选择D答案，即ABC都是积极肯定的描述，只有D是消极否定的，所以优先考虑D答案。

　解决方法

　在平时练习听力时，以提升自身实力为主。

新托福阅读听课笔记:列举题的解题步骤和技巧

一、问题形式

列举题，也叫排除列举题，ets称之为?否定事实信息题?(negative factual information question)。基本形式如下：

according to the passage, which of the following is not true of x?

the author?s description of x mentions all of the following except

二、解题技巧

列举题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。注意问题中的否定词not 和except。

1.列举题的解题步骤

1)看题干找关键词

问题中有关键词的，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。

2)阅读四个选项

题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进行定位，或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。

3)排除与原文相符的选项

将各个选项与原文比较以后，排除其中符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。例如，

the opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. these organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. an oak tree is a good example of a competitor. a massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. the leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. the tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. a population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. it should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.

all of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree except

the capacity to create shade

leaves containing tannin

the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire

the large number of acorns the tree produces

本题对应第七段(见上文)，其中前三个选项所说的条件(从第四句开始)都对oak tree的长寿有利，而第四个选项所说的?acorns的数量?并未与oak tree的寿命直接联系在一起，因此为正确答案。

2.列举的两种形式

1)集中列举

集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开；三个短语连续出现；三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如，

they used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.

which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?

(a) to hold food.

(b) to wash clothes.

(c) to cook.

(d) to transport objects.

2)分散列举

分散列举的各项可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文一一进行比较，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。例如，

perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. satire rarely offers original ideas. instead it presents the familiar in a new form. satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. what they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected. satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. don quixote makes chivalry seem absurd, brave new world ridicules the pretensions of science, a modest proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. none of these ideas is original. chivalry was suspect before cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before aldous huxley and people were aware of famine before swift. it was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. it was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. they are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. with spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.

satire exists because there is need for it. it has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.

the various purposes of satire include all of the following except

(a) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations

(b) brushing away illusions

(c) reminding readers of the truth

(d) exposing false values.

这道列举题的选项分布于文中各处，是一道分散列举题。其中选项(b)对应第一段倒数第二句?they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions，选项(c)对应第二段第三句：satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth，(d)对应第一段第五句：satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false。(a)与原文第一段的意思?satire并无新意，只是表达独特?相矛盾，符合题意，为正确答案。

托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean

TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Geologic History of the Mediterranean。

托福阅读原文

In 1970 geologists Kenneth J.Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger.Anobjective of this particular cruise wasto investigate the floor of theMediterranean and to resolve questions aboutits geologic history. One questionwas related to evidence that theinvertebrate fauna (animals without spines) ofthe Mediterranean had changedabruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of theolder organisms were nearlywiped out, although a few hardy species survived. Afew managed to migrate into the Atlantic.Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why didthe near extinction and migrationsoccur?

Another task for the GlomarChallenger’sscientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelikemasses buried deepbeneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected yearsearlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never beenpenetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are commonalong the UnitedStates Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been somuch solidcrystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?

With question such as these clearly beforethem, thescientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterraneantosearch for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. Thesampleconsisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft,deep-seamud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Nota singlepebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came fromthenearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsumwererepeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated theseafloor.Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities ofcomposition andstructure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sedimentabove andbelow the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicatingopen-oceanconditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part oftheMediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline saltfromthe core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of whatappeared tobe windblown silt.

The time had come to formulate ahypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, theMediterranean wasa broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.Crustal movements closedthe straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in theextermination of scores ofinvertebrate species. Only a few organisms especiallytolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remainingbrine (salt water)became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layerwas precipitated. Inthe central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brineevaporated toprecipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under theweight ofoverlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result ofcrustaladjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where theMediterranean nowconnects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascadedspectacularly back intothe Mediterranean.Turbulent waters tore into thehardened salt flats, brokethem up, and ground them into the pebbles observed inthe first sample taken bythe Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normalmarine organisms returned.Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate abovethe old hard layer.

Thesalt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusualgravel provided abundantevidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.

托福阅读试题

1.The word “objective”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

A.achievement

B.requirement

C.purpose

D.feature

2.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 1 as a change thatoccurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?

A.Most invertebrate species disappearedduring a wave of extinctions.

B.A few hardy species wiped out many of theMediterranean’s invertebrates.

C.Some invertebrates migrated to AtlanticOcean.

D.New species of fauna populated theMediterranean when the old migrants returned.

3.1.Whatdoes the author imply by saying“Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the

pebbles came from the nearby continent”?(paragraph 3)

A.The most obvious explanation for theorigin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.

B.The geologists did not find as manypebbles as they expected.

C.The geologists were looking for aparticular kind of pebble.

D.The different pebbles could not have comefrom only one source.

4.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 about the solidgypsum layer?

A.It did not contain any marine fossil.

B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions.

C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

D.It contained sediment from nearbydeserts.

5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph3 that identify materialsdiscovered in the deepest part of the Mediterraneanbasin. To receive credityou must select TWO answers.

A.Volcanic rock fragments

B.Thin silt layers

C.Soft, deep-sea mud

D.Crystalline salt

6.What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?

A.To describe the physical evidencecollected by Hsu and Ryan

B.To explain why some of the questionsposed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of theGlomar Challenger

C.To evaluate techniques used by Hsu andRyan to explore the sea floor

D.To describe the most difficult problemsfaced by the Glomar Challenger expedition

7.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing was responsible for theevaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?

A.The movements of Earth’s crust

B.The accumulation of sediment layers

C.Changes in the water level of theAtlantic Ocean

D.Changes in Earth’s temperature

8.The word “scores”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to

A.members

B.large numbers

C.populations

D.different types

9.According to paragraph 4, what causedmost invertebrate species in theMediterranean to become extinct?

A.The evaporation of chemicals necessaryfor their survival

B.Crustal movements that connected theMediterranean to the saltier Atlantic

C.The migration of new species through thenarrow straits

D.Their inability to tolerate theincreasing salt content of the Mediterranean

10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.

A.The strait of Gibraltar reopened when theMediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water fromone sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.

B.The Mediterranean was dramaticallyrefilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faultingopened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

C.The cascades of water from the Atlanticto the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments andfaulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to thoseseas.

D.As a result of crustal adjustments andfaulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic andMediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascadesof water between them.

11.The word “Turbulent”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to

A.Fresh

B.Deep

C.Violent

D.Temperate

12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about theirchemical composition and origin.

■AAnother task for theGlomar Challenger’s scientists was totry to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath theMediterranean seafloor. ■BThese structures had been detected years earlierby echo-soundinginstruments, but they had never been penetrated in the courseof drilling. ■CWere theysalt domes such as are common alongthe United States Gulf Coast, and if so, whyshould there have been so muchsolid crystalline salt beneath the floor of theMediterranean? ■[D

Where would the sentence best fit?

13. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.

An expedition to the Mediterranean answeredsome long-standing questionsabout the ocean’s history.

A.The Glomar Challenger expeditioninvestigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.

B.Researchers collected fossils todetermine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.

C.Scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerwere the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath theseafloor.

D.Samples recovered from the expeditionrevealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distributionamong the sediment layers.

E.Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilled with water.

F.Mediterraneansalt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between theMediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.

托福 阅读答案

1.C

2.文第四句话说到“Most of theolder organisms were nearly wiped out(大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了)”对应选项A;第五句说到“A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic(一些物种成功地迁移到了大西洋)”，对应选项C;第六句说到“the migrants returned, bringing new species with them(这些物种又回到了地中海，并带回新的物种)”，对应选项D。第一段中没有提到B 选项，故答案是B选项。

3.推理题考察的是文中没有明确说到的内容，需要经过推理。选项B、C、D在文中均没有任何线索体现。对于选项A，如果我们在阅读 文章 时，能够比较好的关注上下文，我们会发现：在原文之中第二段，文中提及“它们是像美国海湾海岸一带的含盐圆顶状巨块" ---美国海湾的东西怎么会突然出现在了地中海区域?于是对于这些地中海的大巨块，最简单的解释是他们来自美洲湾。既然第二段提出了问题，第三段做出相应的回答，因此第三段的内容应该与第二段的问题是有联系的，支持或者反对。而现在的这句话(“在被发现的样品中，没有一个表明这些细砾来自于邻近的大陆”)，当然打破了这个最为明显的可能解释---关于巨大的块儿起源的解释。

4.A

5.BD

6.A

7.A

8.原文该单词所在 句子 为:"Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores ofinvertebrate species." 可以理解为: "由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。"

Score是得分的意思，在球类比赛中经常可以听到，可以根据the extermination of scores of invertebrate species这个结构判断出scores表示数量的意思，对应选项B(这个还是记住吧)

9.D

10.B

11.C

12.C

13.选项A是正确的，是第一二段的内容

选项B是错误的，是文章未提及的内容

选项C是错位的，与第二段第二句内容相反

选项D是正确的，是第四段的内容

选项E是正确的，是文章最后一段的内容

选项F是错误的，与第四段内容不符，是地壳运动和断层作用打开了地中海和大西洋之间的海峡，并非盐穹(应该说domes在此之前就形成了)

托福阅读原文

11970年，地理学家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋调查船Glomar Challenger号上收集调研资料。这次特别巡航的一个目的是调查地中海的地层以及解决关于其地质历史的问题。其中一个问题是有关地中海地区无脊椎动物(没有脊椎的动物)于600万年前发生剧变的证据。大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了，尽管一些顽强的种类得以生存。很少的一些动物成功地迁移到了大西洋。不久后，这些动物又回来了，并带回来新的物种。为什么这次较近的动物灭绝和迁移会发生呢?

2Glomar Challenger号上科学家们的另一个任务是尝试去确定深埋在地中海海底穹顶状巨块的起源。这些结构在早些年被回声探测器探测过，但是它们从未被钻探过。它们是像美国墨西哥海湾海岸一带的含盐穹顶状巨块吗?如果是的话，为什么在地中海海底之下会有这么多固体的结晶盐呢?

3带着这些清楚摆在他们面前的问题，科学家们登上Glomar Challenger号前往地中海寻找答案。1970年8月23日，他们找到了一个样本。这个样本由石膏块和火山岩碎块组成。周围没有发现一块能说明这些小石头来自附近的大陆。接下来的日子里，随着海底岩层钻探实验的进行，固体石膏样本被不断地放在甲板上。而且，这些膏状物的组成和结构特性表明它们形成于沙漠。在石膏层上下的沉积物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，说明了这是开放性的海洋环境。当钻到地中海盆地中心的最深处时，科学家们从钻管中获得了坚实的、光亮的结晶盐。跟结晶盐嵌在一起的薄层像是被风吹起的泥沙层。

4时间阐明了一个假设。调查者们构思了这样的理论：大约2 000万年前，地中海是一条宽阔的航道，它通过两条狭窄的海峡与大西洋连接。地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。只有一些能抵抗高盐度条件的物种保留下来。随着蒸发的继续进行，盐水浓度太高以致硬地层的硫酸钙发生沉淀。在盆地的中间深处，剩余盐水的持续蒸发形成更多的可溶的氯化钠(盐)。后来，在上层沉淀物的重压下，盐向上形成了含盐的圆顶。然而在这之前，地中海是一个3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550万年前发生了洪水。作为地壳调整和断层作用的结果，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。湍急的水流冲击并摧毁了坚硬的含盐层，把它们磨成了Challenger号获得的第一份样本中人们所观察到的鹅卵石。随着盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回来了。不久后海洋软泥层开始在原先的硬地层上堆积。

5盐、石膏、动物区系的变更，还有不寻常的沙砾层都为地中海曾经是片沙漠的理论提供了充分的证据。

求：托福 TPO口语第26套Question4参考答案 Question: Using example of the urn plant, explain how

1、题目关键词： urn plant, epiphytes, adapt

2、答题要领：

(1)Briefly state the main idea of the reading passage.

(2)Concentrating on the lecture given by the professor.When orally summarizing the lecture, test takers are supposed to include the main points and some key examples as well.

3、阅读材料要点：

(1) The canopy produced by branches of trees in the rain forest was so thick that no plants can grow on the sandy ground. But many plants have evolved special mechanism to cope with this problem.

(2) Species like epiphytes grow on a host tree without taking any nutrient from the tree. Living in the air, they have no access to the nutrients from the soil below.They have developed special way to overcome this problem.

4、听力材料要点：

(1)urn plant's special shapes enable them to reside high in the trees so that they can get the sunlight.

(2)urn plant's have long stiff spiky leaves wrapping themselves up to form the shape of balls so that water can be stored.

(3)some dead leaves are left on the leaves of urn plants and get washed down to the base of urn plant's leaves before decomposition.Thus the water is like liquid fertilizer. In this way, urn plants obtain their nutrients.

5、模板：

(1) In this set of materials, the reading passage is (the title of the reading passage) and the listening material is a lecture by a professor on the same topic. 当然，如果你觉得你的听力材料的理解率很高也不用谈及阅读材料中的内容。只是第一段说起来实在太easy了。

(2) In the reading passage, the university made an announcement that...本段可以省略，但是前提是你对于听力材料理解率很高，不会时间未到却无话可说了。

(3) In the lecture, the professor...不但要包括主要的观点而且最重要的是要包括教授举出的例子。

今天的讨论已经涵盖了“groundwater托福答案”的各个方面。我希望您能够从中获得所需的信息，并利用这些知识在将来的学习和生活中取得更好的成果。如果您有任何问题或需要进一步的讨论，请随时告诉我。

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