托福备考试题,托福考试做题

托福备考试题,托福考试做题

希望我能够为您提供一些关于托福备考试题的信息和知识。如果您有任何疑问或需要进一步的解释，请随时告诉我。

文章目录列表:

1.托福备考资料
2.托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep
3.托福考试的题型有哪些？
4.2021年9月11日托福写作考试真题内容
5.一道托福试题

托福备考资料

词汇书可以用《TOEFL词汇词根+联想记忆法》和《词以类记》。后者单词多一些，可以根据自己的水平选择一本认真背诵即可。还有《官方指南》（OG）是必备的。复习时要做的第一件事就是认真把OG看一遍，这样才能全面了解整个考试，掌握新托福出题和评分思路。DELTA也看看吧，可以下载BARRON模拟考试软件，里面有七套题，其中听力和阅读较有训练价值。单项训练的资料。阅读和听力可以用《高分新托福阅读120》和《高分新托福听力120》。口语一般都需要单独的训练，可以使用《新托福考试口语胜经》，作文看看《挑战TOEFL .iBT满分作文》

托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

1Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

2During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

3During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.

4But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.

5Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

6Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.

托福阅读试题

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?

A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.

B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.

C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.

D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:

A.It has its control center in the brain stem.

B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.

C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.

D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.

3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.consistent

B.perfect

C.partial

D.sole

4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?

A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.

B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.

C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.

D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may ｄｒｏｐ suddenly.

5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)

A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.

B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.

C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.

D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.

6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT

A.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.

B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.

C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.

D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.

7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.

B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.

C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.

D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to

A.increase the breathing effort.

B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.

C.cough while still sleeping.

D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.

9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning to

A.significant.

B.Steady.

C.Usual.

D.necessary.

10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.reduce.

B.stop.

C.readjust.

D.restart.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.

B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.

C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.

D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.

paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]A Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]B However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

paragraph2: [■]C During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]DThe first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

13.Directions: From the seven statements below, ｓｅｌｅｃｔ the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you ｓｅｌｅｃｔ into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.

B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.

C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.

D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.

E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.

F.There is a ｄｒｏｐ in the volume of air that is exchanged.

G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.

1 )

Wakefulne

A B C D E F G

2 )

Sleep

A B C D E F G

托福 阅读答案

1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。A的increased movement of the rib cage和C的需要pressure都与原文相反;D说diaphragm contributes to原文没有说。

2.EXCEPT题，排除法。A的centered in brain stem做关键词定位至第一句，但原文说这个特点是属于automatic，metabolic system的，而voluntary的center是在forebrain，所以A错，选;B的a number of activities做关键词定位至倒数第二句的一大堆活动，所以B正确，不选;C的bypass the automatic system和D的irregular breathing pattern做关键词都定位至最后一句，都正确，不选。

3.exclusive仅有，只有，排他，所以正确答案是sole。从单词本身看，include→exclude→exclusive，所以一定能得出排他之意。原句说在NREM期间，automatic系统怎么控制breathing，使得氧的需求量减少，前面一直在说两个系统，现在氧的需求量减少了，肯定是有系统不干活了，所以就是只有automatic在干活，所以答案是D只有。A持续、B完美，都不靠谱，C的partial刚好与原文意思相反，也不选。

4.此题关键词难找，可以顺序向下看，也可以用排除法，如果顺序向下看的话，会看到第一点说的是当sleeper在睡与醒之间摇摆的时候，发生了呼吸cessation，也就是stop，所以正确答案是B，stop for a short time。C和D一个说氧上升一个说二氧化碳下降，是一回事，都不是在睡觉期间发生的，所以都反了，而且两个一样的也都不选，A没说。

5.修辞目的题，先看修辞点所在的 句子 ，但原句整个都是一个例子，往前看。前一句仍然在说肌肉relax的事情，因此也是例子，所以看开头，开头说air passage在睡觉期间变了很多紧接着就解释睡觉期间呼吸很难，也就是开头所指的变化是睡觉的时候呼吸变难，所以正确答案是C。A的refute与原文相反;B的比较和D的prevent blockage原文都没说。

6.EXCEPT题，排除法。A的relaxation of the muscles做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选;B的two sides of the nose做关键词定位至倒数第三句，正确，不选;C的upper airway做关键词定位至第三句，但答案的easier airflow原文完全没说，C错，选;D的complex muscle interaction做关键词都定位至最后一句，正确，不选。

7.以inhaling is difficult做关键词定位至第二句，但这句只说了difficult的事儿，没说发生了什么，往下看。下句说NREM期间什么adjustment都没有，只有在inadequate breaths之后才adjust，所以答案是B。A是wakeful时候才有的;C的因果关系原文没说;D完全没说。

8.以irritation做关键词定位至最后一句，说如果irritation太严重，睡着的人就会醒，按照正常的叙述顺序应该是先叙述mild的情况，前一句果然在说coughing reflex没产生cough，而产生了cessation of breathing，呼吸停止的状况，所以答案是D。C与原文相反;B是severe的时候才有的，A没说。

9.considerable可观的，相当的，重要的，所以正确答案是significant。从单词本身看，consider的考虑的意思是很常见的，加形容词词尾able变为值得考虑的，所以也是significant。原文说在若干次inadequate breaths之后，二氧化碳含量怎么上升氧气含量下降，才能调整breathing，一般我们说显著的变化，所以答案A，其他答案都不靠谱。

10.resume重新开始，再继续，所以正确答案是restart。原句说如果irritation太严重了，睡着的人会醒来，清理呼吸道，并且怎么呼吸，前一句都说了因为irritants呼吸停止，然后醒来，当然清理完就继续呼吸了呗，答案是D。A和B完全不靠谱，如果选C，之前应该adjust一次，但之前从来没说irritation严重的时候有先调整一次，所以C错。

11.原句的结构是exchange lower是因为blabla，所以正确答案是A，因果关系和结构都正确。其他答案都没提到exchange lower这个主干，而且B把原文非主干的部分变成了主干;C结果搞乱;D逻辑关系错。

12.两个过渡点，名词respiration和连词however。根据respiration可以初步确定答案是B或者C，但根据however断定B不对，因为两个however不能连续出现，所以正确答案是C。

13.第一段和第二段在讲wakeful部分，其余在讲sleep部分。The role选项对应第一段第三句，属于wakeful部分。Carbon dioxide选项对应第五段第四句，二氧化碳多氧少，属于sleep部分。The coughing选项原文没说reflex复杂，不属于任何一列，不选。A great deal选项对应原文第四段第三句，属于sleep部分。Upper airways选项原文没说，不选。There is选项对应原文第六段第二句，属于sleep部分。Automatic选项对应原文第二段首句，属于wakeful部分。

托福阅读译文

1关于人类睡觉和清醒时生理状态的差异在过去的十年里已被发现，在所有的这些差异中，呼吸系统控制方面的变化尤其引人注目。不仅是呼吸系统运作水平有差异，在如何运作方面也出现了变化。胸腔所做的呼吸运动在睡觉时会减少，使得横膈膜的收缩变得更为重要。然而由于躺下来的物理作用，胃部压迫横膈膜使得横膈膜难以工作。不管怎样，睡眠时还有很多其他的变化影响着呼吸。

2清醒的时候，呼吸受到两个互相影响的系统的控制。第一个是自动的新陈代谢系统，它的控制中心在脑干。它会潜意识的调整呼吸频率和深度来控制二氧化碳和氧气的浓度以及血液中的酸碱比。第二套系统是自发行为系统。它的控制中心在前脑，调节说话、 唱歌 、叹息等行为时的呼吸。它能忽略或无视自动新陈代谢系统并且产生无规律的呼吸模式。

3在NMER(睡觉时没有快速眼部活动的阶段)这个阶段中，呼吸会变得更深更有规律，但是呼吸频率会降低，导致总体空气交换减少。发生这个是因为在NREM睡眠阶段中，自动的新陈代谢系统会独自控制呼吸，身体会利用更少的氧气产生更少的二氧化碳。同时，自动的新陈代谢系统对血液中二氧化碳和氧气的含量反应并不灵敏。在睡眠中呼吸控制的变化会导致两个结果。第一，睡着时呼吸可能会有短暂的停止或减少，因为睡眠者在睡眠和清醒之间徘徊，而这两种状态的控制系统不一样。第二，一旦得到了充足的睡眠，血液中二氧化碳含量升高而氧气含量降低，在NREM阶段也会持续这样。

4但这并不是全部的变化。在睡眠的所有阶段中，气道的一些变化已经被观察到了。睡眠时需要付出两倍的努力去呼吸，因为呼吸道气流的阻力会比较强并且用来呼吸的肌肉的效率会有变化。一些在呼吸时帮助保持上呼吸道通畅的肌肉在睡觉的时候会变得松弛，特别是在REM阶段(就是有快速眼部运动的睡眠阶段)。没有这种肌肉运动，呼吸空气就像从气球里吸气一样，狭窄的通道会面临崩溃。而且鼻子两侧的阻力也会周期性改变。如果有时候堵塞了“好”的一边，比如过敏和感冒引起的堵塞，阻力就会大大增加。与这些因素一起的是那些能够改变从鼻子到嘴巴的气流路径的肌肉之间失去了复杂的交互。

5其他呼吸调节机制在睡眠时显然要停止运作。比如说，在清醒时如果呼吸变得困难的话就会有一个立即自动适应性的呼吸增强(比如戴上面具呼吸)。但在NREM状态时完全不存在这样反射性的调节。在这种情况下，只有几次不充分的呼吸后使得血液中二氧化碳的含量显著提升以及氧气的含量降低，呼吸才会被调整过来。最后，咳嗽反应在应对呼吸道中刺激物时产生的不是睡觉时咳嗽而是呼吸停止。如果刺激物足够严重，睡着的人会醒来清理气道，然后继续呼吸很可能再度入睡。

6发生在REM时期的多余的呼吸变化比发生在NREM时期的呼吸变化更显著。REM的空气交换量要比NREM低，因为尽管REM中呼吸更加急促，但也更加没有规律，包括一些简短的浅呼吸或呼吸暂停。另外，REM时期的呼吸更多取决于横膈膜而不是胸腔的作用。

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托福考试的题型有哪些？

1、阅读理解

阅读理解，共15题，考试时间40分钟。 要求考生阅读三篇短文，总阅读量不超过900个词。每一篇文章后有五个问题，考生应该根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。

2、词语用法和语法结构

词语用法和语法结构，共30题，考试时间25分钟。题目中50%为词和短语的用法，50%为语法结构。要求考生从每题四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

3、挑错

挑错，共10题，考试时间10分钟。挑错题由10个单句组成 。每一个句子含有标着A、B、C、D的四个划线部分，其中有一处为错误的，要求考生从四个划线部分里挑出其错误的部分。

4、完形填空

完形填空，共20题，考试时间15分钟。完形填空题是在一篇题材熟悉 、难度适中的短文（约200词）中留有20个空白。每一个空白为一题，每一题有四个选项。要求考生在全面理解内容基础上选出一个最佳答案，使短文的结构和意思恢复完整。

5、翻译

翻译，共10题，考试时间30分钟。翻译试题由两部分组成。第一部分是英译汉，要求考生把前面阅读理解文章里划线的五个句子译成中文。第二部分是为汉译英，要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成为英文。

2021年9月11日托福写作考试真题内容

　托福线下9月11日的考试已经结束，有许多学生都在关注这次的托福考情。下面我给大家准备了这次考试的写作部分的题目解析。那么就到来看看这次考试的写作真题吧。

一、9月11日托福写作真题

　综合写作：在地下储备二氧化碳

　阅读：

　1.?没有足够地方储备；

　2.?气体泄露的health risk；

　3.?花费太高啦；

　听力反驳：

　1.?高压高温转气体为液体；

　2.?研究表明只要不趴地上吸就没事啦，而且可以开发一种探测器；

　3.?往地下注入CO2会让另一种可以卖钱的气体跑出来；

　独立写作：

　Do you agree or disagree with the following view？

　Do you agree or disagree with the following view？ In many places， it has been typical for teachers of high school students （ages 14-18） to lecture or lead a discussion while the students listen and take notes for most of the school day. However， this is not an effective way to prepare students for careers in the modern workplace. A better way to do that is for teachers to spend most of the school day on student-led discussions （in which students frequently present their ideas and discuss them with the class） and project-based activities （in which students do their own research and work together while the teacher is available?to help them as needed）.

　二、托福写作常见问题

　1.缺乏逻辑性

　托福作文连贯地表达观点是完成写作任务的首要任务。在英语写作中，我们应该特别注意两点。首先，我们不应该被修辞之美和句型之复杂所包围。英语应该以几个关键词为骨架，然后在此基础上进行添加、删除和修改，所以我们不应该让自己的表达支离破碎；其次，我们应该特别注意平行论点之间是否存在重叠和交叉。同时，要注意结果与基准是否在一条直线上，逻辑上是否一致。

　2.缺乏证据意识

　托福写作评分标准对“事实和论据”有明确的要求，“口头”是任何应试写作的禁忌。事实上，论据的积累也应该成为一个重要的部分，积累更多的材料在你的指尖上；然而，与事实论据有关的文章很多，最可靠的是数字，培养对数字的敏感度应该从小做起，而不是成为短板；第二是一般事实；最不需要强调的是具体的案例。这里必须明确的是，写具体案例绝对不等于把个人经历记到日常账上，而应该加以总结。

　3.用词造句是不真实的

　托福的评论员不知道有多少论文是以“随着社会的发展”开头的。这种没有个人创作的模板只能保证分数更平庸。其次，玩大字不小字，不分书面语和口语，都是平时不读书、不积累造成的。

三、托福写作技巧

　1. 要与论题相匹配

　论题问的既然是*高生活质量与否，一些无关紧要的改变就应该弃之不用，比如烹调时间缩短这一项改变，是事实，且未对生活质量有直接明显影响，就应该避免用作主要论点。

　2.要能言之有物

　这是再功利不过的一条标准。比如我自己*到了食物准备时间缩短能让人性情改变，破题时觉得不无可能，真落笔时却不知道由何说起，如果选了这一条为一个主要论点，结果是我说了一句话就走人，那还不如选个能下笔，能展示语言功底，也能显示思维缜密的写作方向。

　3.选择的无论是2个还是3个论点，内在一定要有联系

　这其实是整个立意阶段的重头。要立意，就是要明白自己表达的对象是什么，明确立场。然后站在这个立场上，挑选支持自己的论点。

一道托福试题

首先可以确定这是个并列句。

第一分句：Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies,?

该分句的主语是复数名词Inequalities of wealth and rank（财富和等级的不平等），其中有两个并列谓语：

1、certainly exist

2、haveprobably existed in most pastoralist societies

第二分句：but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable.

该分句是带有介词短语的简单句，they 指代上文的复数名词 Inequalities of wealth and rank

那么，整个句子改写为三个简单句：

Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist. 财富和等级的不平等确实存在。

Inequalities of wealth and rank have probably existed in most pastoralist societies. 财富和等级的不平等或许已经在多数理想社会中存在。

Inequalities of wealth and rank are normally too slight to generate the stable except in periods of military conquest. 除了在军事战领期间，财富和等级的不平等一般说来过于微不足道而不足以形成这类稳定的局面。

The inequalities is most marked during periods of military conquest（这些不平等在军事战领期间极为显著）与 they are normally too slight to generate… 以及前面的一句在意思上大相径庭。

究竟正与否，需要看题目的要求。如选择不能表述上文意思的一项，它应该是正确的；反之，则是错误的。

非常高兴能与大家分享这些有关“托福备考试题”的信息。在今天的讨论中，我希望能帮助大家更全面地了解这个主题。感谢大家的参与和聆听，希望这些信息能对大家有所帮助。

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